4. Многофункциональные служебные слова

Следующие широко употребляемые служебные слова обладают способностью выполнять различные функции в предложении:

а) указательное местоимение тот, та, то:

Give me that book please.

Дайте мне ту книгу, пожалуйста!

б) относительное местоимение который (-ая, -ое) (обычно ставится после существительного):

It was a problem that greatly interested our scientists.

Это была проблема, которая сильно заинтересовала наших ученых.

в) подчинительный союз что (обычно ставится после глагола), то, что:

We know that capitalism is doomed to perish.

Мы знаем, что капитализм обречен на гибель.

The great advantage of socialism is that it is based on planned economy.

Огромное преимущество социализма в том, что он основан на плановом хозяйстве.

а) наречие времени потом, затем, впоследствии (обычно ставится в конце предложения):

1 have never met him after.

Я никогда не встречал его впоследствии.

б) предлог времени и места - после, по, за, вслед за:

After the Great Patriotic War our industry overshot the pre-war level.

После Великой Отечественной войны наша промышленность превысила до военный уровень.

в) подчинительный союз после; после того, как (вводит придаточное предложение времени):

We have completed the rehabilitation of Stalingrad after the war was ended.

Мы завершили восстановление Сталинграда после того, как окончилась война.

а) наречие времени раньше, прежде (обычно ставится в конце предложения):

I have never seen him before.

Я его никогда раньше не видел.

б) предлог времени и места до, раньше, перед, впереди:

Our country is stronger now than it was before the war.

Наша страна сейчас сильнее, чем она была до войны.

в) подчинительный союз до того, как; прежде чем:

We had to make a number of experiments before we achieved satisfactory results.

Нам пришлось произвести ряд опытов, прежде чем мы добились удовлетворительных результатов.

а) наречие как, подобно (unlike в отличие от):

Radio waves travel like waves of water.

Радиоволны распространяются подобно волнам воды.

Unlike oxygen, hydrogen is seldom found free in nature.

В отличие от кислорода,водород редко встречается в природе в чистом виде.

б) прилагательное похожий, сходный, подобный:

Some liquids have like properties.

Некоторые жидкости имеют схожие свойства.

в) глагол любить, нравиться:

We like technicolour films.

Нам нравятся цветные фильмы,

а) наречие времени все еще, еще, по-прежнему:

Nitroglycerine is a dangerous explosive, still it is used in medicine.

Нитроглицерин является опасным взрывчатым веществом, тем не менее он применяется в медицине.

There is still some water in the container.

В сосуде все еще имеется некоторое количество воды.

б) соединительное наречие все же, тем не менее, однако:

Нитроглицерин является опасным взрывчатым веществом, тем не менее он применяется в медицине.

в) прилагательное тихий, спокойный:

The sea is very still to-day.

Море сегодня очень спокойное.

а) предлог для, за:

We live and work for our country.

Мы живем и работаем для нашей страны.

Colonial peoples are fighting for their freedom.

Колониальные народы борются за свою свободу.

с) предлог в течение:

Karl Marx studied law for some time.

В течение некоторого времени К. Маркс изучал юриспруденцию.

в) подчинительный союз так как, ибо, потому что (обычно ему предшествует запятая):

Put on some warm things, for it is bitterly cold to-day.

Оденьтесь потеплее, так как сегодня очень холодно.

а) наречие только, исключительно:

Only you can do it.

Только вы можете это сделать.

б) союз но:

Не could do it, only he is

Он бы мог сделать это, но он слишком занят.

в) прилагательное единственный (употребляется всегда с артиклем или его заменителем):

Hydrogen is the only element containing one electron.

Водород единственный элемент, содержащий один электрон.

Не is my only friend.

Он мой единственный друг.

а) соединительный союз но:

Aldehydes and ketones possess similar properties, but their resemblance is not complete.

Альдегиды и кетоны обладают многими общими свойствами, но их сходство не полно.

б) предлог кроме, за исключением:

All the problems are settled but one.

Все вопросы решены кроме одного.

в) наречие только, лишь:

There remains but one unsettled question.

Остается лишь один нерешенный вопрос.

а) подчинительный союз времени когда; в то время причины так как; ибо:

This substance does not exist in a pure state as it is unstable.

Это вещество не встречается в чистом виде, ибо оно нестойкое.

б) подчинительный союз как; по мере того как:

The viscosity of a liquid decreases as the temperature rises.

Вязкость жидкости уменьшается по мере того как поднимается температура.

в) наречие как:

I did it as you told me to do.

Я сделал это, как вы мне сказали.

а) предлог времени с, после:

I haven't seen him since last year.

Я не видел его с прошлого года.

б) наречие времени с тех пор, тому назад (обычно ставится в конце предложения):

I have not seen him since.

Я не видел его с тех пор.

в) подчинительный союз так как; с тех пор, как:

Не could not come since he was ill.

Он не смог прийти, так как был болен.

It is a week since I saw him last.

Прошла неделя с тех пор, как я видел его последний раз.

а) наречие следствия так, таким образом, настолько:

] was so tired that I went to bed at once.

Я был так утомлен, что сразу же лег спать.

б) наречие причины поэтому, итак:

It was late, so I went to bed at once.

Было поздно, поэтому я сразу же лег спать.

So, the expedition started!

Итак, экспедиция отправилась!

Упражнения

I. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. We have built Socialism and created conditions for the onward march to Communism. 2. Our peace proposals are approved and welcomed by all peoples, for they fully correspond to their interests. 3. We are proud of the great contribution that women have already made towards the lessening of world tension. 4. China, like the other great nations, must be represented in the United Nations Organization. 5. China used to suffer from a chronic food shortage, but that situation has fundamentally changed since the establishment of people's rule. 6. Since 1945 immense changes have occurred in the Far East.

1. Only scientific theory can ensure practical achievements. 2. We now know that the atom is divisible. 3. The electric current flows in the circuit only after it is closed. 4. The only resistance in this case is the internal resistance of the cell. 5. The movement of a jet plane is so swift that the eye can follow its flight only with difficulty. 6. Unlike uranium oxygen is a very light element. 7. Since the weight of a body is a force, it must be expressed in force units. 8. The boiling stopped and the liquid became still. 9. We could not see the ships as they were hidden by a dense fog.

1. The declaration of the Council of Peace rightly points out that its demands are quite practical. 2. We want the atomic warfare to be forbidden since the atomic bomb is a weapon of mass destruction. 3. When the Great Patriotic War broke out the Soviet State was still the only socialist country in the world. 4. Scars left by the war are still visible in many cities of West Germany. 5. In the colonies monopoly capital functions parasitically, since it is invested principally in the sphere of circulation and does not contribute to the economic development of these countries.

1. A great amount of energy liberates after the atomic burst. 2. It was believed before that the atom is indivisible. 3. It is difficult to liberate oxygen from a compound, for its compounds are very stable. 4. The Centigrade temperature scale is the only scale used in most countries. 5. Potassium chloride melts at 360° and, as the temperature rises still higher, bubbles of oxygen appear in the liquid and break on its surface. 6. Since one-half of the material of the earth's crust is oxygen, its compounds are very common. 7. We expect the chemical properties of pure oxygen to be like those of air. 8. All planes but one returned from the flight. 9. We like all kinds of sport. 10. Unlike Sofia a city of straight avenues, Bucharest has many winding streets.

1. The Soviet Union has always had the support of the working people of all countries, for in the Soviet Union they see a reliable defender of universal peace and security. 2. The growing might of the Soviet State strengthens the cause of peace throughout the world, for it is entirely placed at the service of peace. 3. In the short period since the Chinese People's Republic was established, profound historic changes occurred in the country. 4. That "policy of force" and cold war policy run sharply counter to the national interests of all countries has now become obvious even to many of those who in the past actively supported these policies. 5. The USA still pursues the policy of banning trade with democratic countries.

1. A transformer cannot be called a machine, for it has no moving parts. 2. A mixture of two liquids like milk, is called an emulsion. 3. In radar, unlike in communication, the transmitter and the receiver are located at the same place. 4. Like poles of magnet repel each other. 5. Perpetuum mobile is but a naive dream of the ancient people. 6. As the radio wave travels through the space, the electromagnetic part of its energy rapidly drops in strength. 7. As we should infer from the vigour with which its constituents combine, water is a very stable substance. 8. In the atomic nucleus there are forces of attraction that keep the protons and neutrons together. 9. These two particles are very much alike.

II. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на значение многофункциональных слов:

When we consider the magnitude of the forces that must be applied to tear apart portions of solid bodies, it is evident that the particles composing the bodies must be mutually attracted, and by large forces. The particles are said to cohere, and the property is called cohesion. We know further that such forces must be effectively operative but over small distances, for a solid body, after being cut in two, will not re-cohere with cohesive forces that approach something like the original values even after the faces of the cut have been carefully polished.

By great refinement in polishing, and by pressing the surfaces together, still greater force can be developed, but the original value still will not be re-established.

Adhesion is a similar property, but involving unlike bodies in contact. Cohesions and adhesions are shown not only by liquids but also by solids.

An interesting illustration is found in the phenomena that occur in contacts between solids and liquids. Some liquids "wet" a given solid, but others do not, For example, an attempt to empty a clean glass vessel after filling it with water leaves the entire surface of contact wet, since the water has adhered to the glass so that the forces of cohesion of its own particles were unable to tear it away.

This is not the only feasible example, as there are many other liquids with like adhesive properties.

Contrasting behaviour is shown by mercury that does not "wet" clean glass. So a beaker filled with mercury can be completely emptied as the cohesion of the particles of mercury is greater than adhesion between mercury and glass.